Synchronizing circuit



Dec. 26, i950 E. c. WHITE ETAL 2,535,247

SYNCHRONIZING CIRCUIT Filed June 9, 1947 fyi. Fgg

INVENTOR5 ATTORNEY Patented Dec. 26, 1950 UNITED y PATIEZNIT OF FICE 2,535,247 sxncnnomzma CIRCUIT Eric Lawrence Caslng White, Iver,- and Edward Arthur Newman, Ealing', London, England, as-

signors to Electric & Musical Industries Limited: Hayes, England, acompany of Great Britain Application June 9, 1947, Serial No. 753,510

In Great Britain April 20, 1946 Section 1, Public; Law 690, Augustl 8, 1946 Patent exlpires April 20, 19,66

terminate with. another impulse. of .said sequence,

said" circuitfcomprising a pair'. of valves arranged so. that normally oneof' said.' valves is conducting and the other is non-conducting. and having means for. applying said. sequenceof, impulses to both of said valvesand said'- sWitch-ing. impulses to atleast one. of said valves, the arrangement being such.. that onthe. application cfa switching impulse said. valvesv are. conditioned. sothat one o said. sequenceof impulses causesy the conductand. non-conducting conditions of said` valves be interchanged. and another impulse oi said sequence causes said valvesto befrestored to their previous., comlitiongy whereby lsaidv electrical. impulses are generatedin theoutput circuit` of one or other of saidl pair of valves.

In. television, in. order tol synchronisethe liner scanning` at the receiverr `with the.. line scanning at` theV transmitter, the transmittedypicture signals. are interspersed. with linev synchronising; signals. When the full` number of linesl constituting a single, trame ssan'is accomplished a fresh frame 5;

scanV is commenced andA to synchronise the frame scans trame synchronising signals are transmittedfwhich have a different form fromv the line synchronising signals.. Such frame synchronising'signals may consist-of. a sequenceof line synchronising signals. Which have been broadened. With such. signals theline synchronising action isA permittedv to continue undisturbed, which is advantageous from the point. of view' of. they line scanning generator: in the receiver.: but. although the line. synchronising signals effectively continue as before, frame synchronising;` actionf is.A at the; same time introduced.. In practice it has beenv customary to: employ a-4 icrm; oli frame synchronising signal that differs slightly from that just described in that` broadened line synchronising signjals ofdouble' line frequency are employed so as: tor permit. sci-called interlaced scanning. The: present invention is particularly concerned with` generating: a squarerimpulsertermed. a frame y 2/ A, synchronising' keying impulse lasting for the same duration as such a frame synchronising signal.

l Such keying impulses can be employed in the generation of the frame synchronising signals; In applying the invention to the generation of' said frame synchronising keying impulses; the given impulses may be synchronising impulses ofv double line frequency and the switching impulses may ne pulses used for frame scanning control at' the transmitter of duration equal to,. or greater by a small extent than, that ofthe keying impulses to ce generated.;

Inv order that the said invention'may be clearly understood and readily carried'into effect the same 'will now be. more fully described with reference to the accompanyingy drawings, in which- Figure` 1 illustrates a circuit arrangement according. to one embodiment ofthe invention.,

Figures 2 and 3` illustrate the Waveform oifpotential variations set up, in the circuit arrangement of'Figure. 1,

Figure-4" illustrates ak circuit arrangement accordingto a. further embodimentofthe invention,

Figure 5f illustrates the waveform, of. potential variations set up in the circuit arrangement of Figure. 6. illustrates a circuit arrangement acccrdingto. a further embodiment of' the invention.4

Referring to Figurev l there is shown diagrammatically an application oi' the present invention to the generationY of irarne-v synchronising keying impulses in television. under the control ofy broad impulses of' double line frequency and of frame synchronising, impulses the. latter being employed as switching impulses.` The frame synchronising impulses innegative sense are fed to terminal. I0 and thence via the. low-pass filter. formed by resistance i2 and capacity i3 tothe screen grid 22 of valve 2t and through the coupling circuit constituted by capacity i!! and variable' resistancev` I5 to the control grid. 2iY ot valvel 2|, The broad double line frequency impulses are appliedto terminal i L in positive sense and are fed' through resistance I5 and il respectively to the screen lgrids 22 and 2,"3` of valves; 20 and 2i respectively. Screen-.grids 22 andas are connected totheepc'sitive terminal or supply 3d viay loadi resistancesy I8' and i9.. Thel screen grid 2:2 or valve- 20'is coupled with'` controly grid 25-of valve 2i through capacity M and resistance and the screenv grid? 2'3- of valve 2l' is coupled through. capacity and resistance 21: to the contro-l grid-V Zzicgofi valvev 211.

:ltwill be appreciated that screen grids'. 22 and 23 and control grids Zland 2liA of valves Z-il'- and '2-1' are-f coupled sojasto: form a2 so-ca1led trigger 25. g pulse 41 the grid 25 is consequently, carried above original state.

the anode of valve 2| is connected to the same i? terminal through load resistance 28. The desired frame synchronising keying impulses are set up at the anode of valve 2| and may be derived via lead 25.

Figure 2 Shows the waveform of potential developed at the control grid 24 of the circuit of Figure 1 and Figure 3 shows the waveform of potential that is set up at control grid 25. both Figures 2 and 3 the horizontal dotted line indicates the level of grid cut-oit. As shown the waveforms commence with the valve 2| conducting and the valve non-conducting. Thus the broad double line frequency impulses appear at grid as shown by portion 4i! of the waveform of Figure 3 to be amplified by valve 2| and so appear enlarged and in negative sense at grid 24 of valve 20 as shown by portion 50 of the wave form 4of Figure 2. At point 4| in Figure 3 a negative frame impulse is effective so as to initiate the generation of the desired keying impulses.. vBy Virtue of the action of low-pass lter I2, |3

the potential of grid 25 then commences to fall j with the occurrence of said frame impulse as indicated by portion 42 in Figure 3 setting up the rising curve of potential 52 of Figure 2 at grid 2K4. At instant 54 in Figure 2 corresponding to the termination of negative broad impulse 53 the grid 24 is carried positive of the cut-off level and the trigger circuit switches over to the other of its two states. Valve 20 is now conducting and valve 2| non-conducting. Positive broad double line frequency impulses from terminal now appear on grid 24 corresponding to the portion ofkwaveiorm 55 shown in Figure 2. These are amplified b y valve 2|) so as to appear large and in,

negative sense at the control grid 25 of valve 2| `as indicated by the portion 45 of the waveform of Figure 3. This portion is a rising curve by virtue of the short time constant associated with grid At point 45 with the termination of broad cut-off and the trigger circuit reverts to its A single square framesynchron ising keying impulse is thus set up at the anode ofv valve 42|. It will be appreciated that its duration depends upon the steepness of the rising portion 45 of the curve of Figure 3 which steepv ness may be adjusted by adjusting the resistance valves'20 and 2| oi the trigger pair have a common cathode circuit impedance 3| and the broad "impulses of double line frequency are not fed in '.pos'itive"sense to screen grids in the valves but negativelytc the coupled cathodes. Moreover theframesynchronising impulses are applied not negative sense to terminal |0 but in positive sense, and to the anode of valve 2|. 'generate the desired keying impulses the valves In order to 4 20 and 2| `require to be provided with no other electrodes than those necessary for the pair to function in-trigger manner. that is to say they may be triodes as shown. In this case the control grid of valve 20 is coupled via condenser 32 to the anode of valve 2| and the control grid of valve 2| is coupled via condenser 33 to the anode of valve 20, the control grids being connected to suitable tapping points on the supply source via resistances 34 and 35. The anodes of the valves 20 and 2| are connected to said source by load resistances 36 and 31. The generated frame synchronisingf keying impulses can be derived in positive sense from the anode of valve 2| or negative sense from the anode of valve 20. In Figure 5 curve 40 shows the waveform of potential set up in the grid of valve 2| and curve 50 shows that set up on the grid of valve 20. Curve 60 indicates the variation of potential of the cathodes of valves 20 and 2| and the dotted curve indicates the triggering level.` The circuit is of valuevwhen both the start and finish of the keying impulses are to bedetermined coarsely by the start and nish of the frame synchronising impulses. In the circuit of Figure 1 the start of the keying impulses is determined coarsely by the frame synchronising impulses and the nish is determined coarsely by the time constant associated with the grid of valve 2|. In the case of Figure 4 the time constants associated with both grids of valves 20 and 2| are long compared withthe period of the cycle of operation. In Figure 5 the point 5| onl curve 50 indicates the commencement of a frame synchronising impulse and ypoint 52 its termination. The keying impulse is started with the end of the broad impulse during which the commencement of the frame synchronising impulse occurs and nished with the end of the broad double line frequency impulse during which the termination of the frame synchronising impulse occurs. As a modification of the circuit the frame synchronising impulses may be applied reversed in sense to the anode of valve 20. In another modication either or both of the time constants associated with the grids of the trigger pair may be made short and the length of the generated keying impulse will then dependen them, though still being limitedto an integral number of broad double line frequency impulse periods.

In Figure 6 there is illustrated a further modication of the circuit of Figure 4. In this modication one of the cross couplings of thetrigger pair is omitted,` namely that `from the anode of valve 2| to the grid of valve v2li. In this` circuit the frame synchronising impulses are applied to the grid of valve 2i) in positive sense from terminal |ll through a low-pass lter formed by resistance 1| and condenser 12. Negative broad double line frequency impulses as before are applied to the cathodes of theY pair from terminal but as such impulses are now only eiiective during one-half of the trigger cycle. n'view of the omitted cross coupling, such broad impulses, but in positive sense, are also applier` to the anode of valve 20. For this purpose as shown in Figure6` a valve 10 serves to repeat'the negative broad impulses applied to terminal' l! in the same sense at the cathodes of thepair 2D and v2| and in opposite sense at the anode of valve 20 said broad impulses being so applied via resistances 13 and 14. The desired keying impulses are set up at the anode of valve 2 It is necessaryjto proportion the resistances 13 and 14 lcoupling the cathode and anode respectively of valve10 .to the trigger pair so that the impulses applied to the cathode of valve Fis shall have an overeriding effect over those applied to the anode of the valve, Thus if equal and opposite Variations are set up at anode and cathode oi valve it resistance 'i3 should be of about half the magnitude of resistance '54. The duration of the keying impulse generated is set coarsely by the time constant associated with the grid oi valve 2l, and variable resistance 'lli serves for adjusting this time constant.

We claim:

l. In television apparatus, a circuit for generating frame keying impulses which comprises a pair oi valves, means interconnecting said valves for making one valve non-conducting when the other valve becomes conducting, a source of line synchronizing impulses, a source of frame synchronizing impulses, means for applying said line synchronizinr impulses simultaneously to both of said valves, means for applying said frame synchronizing impulses to one of said valves to condition it to be made no1^lconduct ing by one of said line synchronizing impulses. the other valve being made conducting thereby,

and means for causing a subsequent line impulse to reverse the conducting and non-conducting conditions of the respective valves.

2. A pulse generator comprising a iirst tube having at least a plate, a grid and a cathode, a

second tube having at least a plate, a grid and a cathode, a source of Xed potential, individual impedances connected between said plates and one side of said source, a common impedance connected between said cathodes and the other side of said source, coupling means connected between the plate of said rst tube to the grid of the second tube, coupling means connected between the plate of the second tube and the grid or the iirst, means for applying a first series of pulses to one of said grids, means for applying a second series of pulses to said cathodes, and an output circuit connected to one of said plates.

3. A circuit for generating frame keying impulses as described in claim 1 in which said means for applying said frame synchronizing impulses to one of said valves to condition it to be made non-conducting by one of said line synchronizing pulses is comprised of the other of said valves.

4. A circuit for generating frame keying impulses as described in claim 1 in which said means for applying said frame synchronizing impulses to one oi` said valves to condition it to be made non-conducting by one of said line synchronizing pulses includes a low pass lter network.

ERIC LAWRENCE CASLING WHlTE. EDWARD ARTHUR NEWMAN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the nie of this patent:

UNITED sTATEs PATENTS Number Name Date 2,306,386 Hollywood Dec. 29, 1942 2,309,506 Herbst Jan. 26, 1943 2,405,237 Ruhlig Aug. 6, 1946 

